Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral, nyumba yokongola kwambiri, momwe zinalili moto usanachitike komanso mbiri yake yayitali.

Notre Dame Cathedral.), m'Chiarabu, Cathedral of Our Lady (The Virgin), yomwe ndi tchalitchi cha Parish dayocese yomwe ili kum'mawa kwa chilumba chamzindawu pamtsinje wa Seine, kutanthauza kuti pakatikati pa Paris. Nyumbayi ikuyimira luso lazojambula ndi zomangamanga za Gothic zomwe zinalipo m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi ziwiri mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX. Ndi chimodzi mwa zipilala zakale ku France komanso chitsanzo cha kalembedwe ka Gothic kotchedwa (Il Dosans). Adatchulidwa ngati gawo lalikulu mu buku (The Hunchback of Notre Dame) lolemba a Victor Hugo. Nyumbayi inayamba ku Middle Ages.

Notre Dame Cathedral ili pamalo omanga tchalitchi choyamba chachikristu ku Paris, “Saint Stephen’s Basilica”, chomwenso chinamangidwa pa mabwinja a kachisi wa Jupiter wa Gallo-Roman. Dome la tchalitchi limakwera kufika mamita 528

Mu 1160, tchalitchi cha ku Paris chitakhala “tchalitchi cha mafumu a ku Ulaya,” yemwe kale anali Bishopu Maurice de Sully analingalira kuti Paris ndi tchalitchi chachikulu cha Saint-Etienne (Saint Stephen), chimene chinakhazikitsidwa m’zaka za zana lachinayi, n’chosayenera. za udindo wake wolemekezeka, ndipo adagwetsedwa atangotenga dzina la "Bishopu wa Paris". Monga nthano zambiri zoyambira, zofukulidwa m'mabwinja m'zaka za zana la 36 zidawonetsa kuti tchalitchichi chiyenera kusinthidwa ndi nyumba yayikulu, yokhala ndi nave ndi facade pafupifupi XNUMX metres. Chifukwa chake ndizotheka kuti zolakwika zomwe zidapangidwa kale zidakulitsidwa kuti zithandizire kulungamitsa kumangidwanso kwamakono. Malinga ndi nthano, anali masomphenya a tchalitchi chatsopano chaulemerero cha Paris, chojambulidwa pansi kunja kwa tchalitchi choyambirira.

Asanamangidwe, bishopuyu adagwetsa nyumba zingapo ndi cholinga chokulitsa, ndikumanga nsewu watsopano wonyamula zida za tchalitchi chonsecho. Ntchito yomanga inayamba mu 1163 mu ulamuliro wa Louis VII, ndipo maganizo akugawanika ngati Sully kapena Papa Alexander III anayala maziko a tchalitchichi. Komabe, Bishopu de Sully anathera nthawi yambiri ya moyo wake ndi mwayi wake kumanga tchalitchichi. Kumanga kwa kwaya kunatenga kuyambira 1163 mpaka 1177 ndi guwa latsopano mu 1182 (inali chizolowezi chakumapeto kwa tchalitchi chatsopano kumalizidwa koyamba, popeza khoma losakhalitsa limatha kumangidwa kumadzulo kwa kwaya, kulola kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mosadodometsedwa pomwe nyumba yonseyo idapangidwa pang'onopang'ono). Bishopu Maurice de Sully atamwalira mu 1196, analoŵa m’malo mwa Odis de Sully ndipo anayang’anira kumalizidwa kwa mapiko a tchalitchi ndi nave, amene anali atatsala pang’ono kutha pa nthawi ya imfa yake mu 1208. inamangidwanso, ngakhale kuti siinamalizidwe mpaka chapakati pa 1240s.

Amisiri angapo anagwira ntchito pamalowo panthaŵi yomangayo, zimene zikusonyezedwa ndi masitayelo osiyanasiyana a utali wosiyana wa kutsogolo ndi nsanja zakumadzulo. Womanga wachinayi pakati pa 1210 ndi 1220 adayang'anira ntchito yomanga mulingo ndi chimango cha pinki ndi maholo akulu pansi pa nsanja ziwirizi.

Kusintha kwakukulu kwambiri pamapangidwe kudabwera pakati pazaka za m'ma 1240, pomwe mapiko a tchalitchi adakonzedwanso mwanjira yaposachedwa ya Rayonant; mu 1258 malemu Jean de adawonjezera chipata cha mapiko a kumpoto chokhala ndi zenera lodabwitsa la duwa. Pambuyo pake (kuchokera mu 1210) Pierre de Montreuil anakhazikitsa dongosolo lofananalo ku mapiko akumwera. Zipata zonsezi zinali zokongoletsedwa bwino ndi chosema; Imakhala ndi zochitika zapadera zomwe khomo lakumwera limakhala ndi gawo la moyo wa St. Stefano ndi oyera mtima osiyanasiyana, pamene chipata chakumpoto chinasonyeza ubwana wa Khristu ndi nkhani ya Theophilus ndi fano la Virgin ndi chikoka cha mwana wamkulu mu Tromo. Amisiri angapo adagwira nawo ntchito pamalowo panthawi yomangayo, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi masitayelo osiyanasiyana akutali akumadzulo ndi nsanja. Imayang'aniridwa ndi mmisiri wachinayi pakati pa 1220 ndi XNUMX, ndipo mulingowo unamangidwa ndi chimango cha pinki ndi maholo akulu pansi pa nsanja ziwirizo.

 Mu 1548, kuwonongeka kwa zipolowe kunawononga mbali za Notre Dame, kuziganizira zachikunja. Muulamuliro wa Louis XIV ndi Louis XV, tchalitchichi chinasintha zinthu zambiri monga njira yolimbikitsira kukonza matchalitchi amakono ku Ulaya konse. Inawononganso manda ndi mazenera agalasi kumpoto ndi kum’mwera.

Mu 1793, pa nthawi ya "French Revolution", tchalitchichi chinaperekedwa ku "kupembedza kwa kulingalira", ndiyeno kupembedza kwa Munthu Wamkulu. Panthawiyi chuma chambiri cha tchalitchichi chinawonongedwa kapena kulandidwa. Nsanja ya m’zaka za zana la 1977 ndi ziboliboli za mafumu a m’Baibulo a ku Yudeya (omwe molakwa ankakhulupirira kuti anali mafumu a ku France), zomwe zinali m’mphepete mwa mphepete mwa tchalitchi, zinagwetsedwa, ndipo zinadulidwa mitu. Ambiri mwa apurezidenti adapezeka pofukula zinthu zakale mu XNUMX ndikuwonetsedwa ku Cluny D Museum. Kwa kanthawi, m'malo mwa maguwa ambiri a Namwali Mariya. Mabelu a tchalitchi chachikulu adatha kuti asasungunuke. Tchalitchichi chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo osungiramo chakudya.

Pulogalamu yokonzanso zotsutsana idayamba mu 1845, moyang'aniridwa ndi akatswiri a zomangamanga Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus ndi Eugene Viollet-le-Duc omwe anali ndi udindo wobwezeretsanso nyumba zambiri zachifumu, nyumba zachifumu ndi ma cathedral ku France. Kubwezeretsedwako kunatenga zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu ndipo kumaphatikizapo kukonzanso kwa flèche yaitali komanso yokongola kwambiri (mtundu wa udzu), komanso kuwonjezera kwa zida za mizimu ya galerie. Viollet-le-Duc wakhala akuphunzitsa ntchito yake ndi mileme, mawonekedwe ngati chipinda chamkati cha zomangamanga za Gothic.

Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko Lonse inawononga zinthu zambiri. Mawindo ambiri okhala ndi magalasi opaka m'munsi anagundidwa ndi zipolopolo zosokera. Anakonzedwanso nkhondo itatha.

Mu 1991, adayambitsa pulogalamu yayikulu yosungira ndi kubwezeretsanso, yomwe idakhalapo kwa zaka khumi zapitazi, koma idakali mkati Kuyambira 2010, kuyeretsa ndi kubwezeretsa ziboliboli zakale akadali nkhani yovuta kwambiri. Cha m'ma 2014, kuyatsa kwakukulu kudasinthidwa kukhala kuyatsa kwa LED.

Mpingowu udakumana ndi moto waukulu womwe udawononga nyumbayo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti nsanjayo igwe pa Epulo 15, 2019.